It's connected to, what I call, the principle of computational equivalence, which tells us that even incredibly simple systems can do computations as sophisticated as anything.

Applying the principle of functional equivalence to the electronic submission of tenders, electronic tenders require the same legal value as tenders submitted in writing, signed and in a sealed envelope.

Another concern expressed was that additional amendments might be required to address the fact that the principle of functional equivalence made electronic procurement of all kinds possible and not only electronic reverse auctions.

At multilateral level promote harmonization and equivalence.

How can the concept of technical equivalence be more effectively implemented?

Functional equivalence (A CN.9 WG.I WP.38, paras.

The Working Group recalled its earlier decision that it would provide for a general principle of functional equivalence regarding the use of communications in the procurement process, and that it would approach the drafting from a technologically neutral perspective (A CN.9 575, para.

See Ken Commins (2004), Overview of current status of standards and conformity assessment systems in Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture Volume 1, Background papers of the International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture.

The Secretariat was requested, in redrafting the articles, not to distort the way other procurement methods were handled in the Model Law, carefully to choose terminology to prevent confusion and to try to avoid repetition, especially in the light of the functional equivalence principle.

Special provisions were needed to establish functional equivalence between electronic communications and other types of documents.

The figures for ODA are based on concessional transfers with grant equivalence of 25 per cent of nominal flows.

Paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 lays down general criteria for functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures.

Calculated as adults getting less than 2350 calories day or Rs. 748.56 adult equivalence per month.

Calculated as adults getting less than 2350 calories day or Rs. 748.56 adult equivalence per month.

It is therefore appropriate to ensure equivalence, in terms of reliability, between messages exchanged in electronic form and paper documents.

(d) QUICK STEP verification of the equivalence of the inertial and gravitational mass (theory of relativity) with a relative precision of 10 17.

The establishment of an obligation for service providers which technically is quite practicable would make it possible to retain functional equivalence.

In this regard, the Meeting of States Parties decided to maintain equivalence with the remuneration levels of judges of the International Court of Justice.

According to this author, there should be four qualitative principles (a) the principle of origin, (b) the principle of source, (c) the principle of residence and (d) the principle of nationality.

Noting the close interaction between the topics of functional equivalence of all means of communication, and accessibility standards considered earlier in the session (see paras.

There is thus a need for and a general move in the direction of harmonization, equivalence and mutual recognition in the organic sector.

Draft article 9 on form requirements, for instance, laid down a number of essential conditions for functional equivalence between electronic communications and paper documents.

Els Wynen (2004), Impact of organic guarantee systems on production and trade in organic products , in Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture Volume 1.

Principle of distinction

Principle of proportionality

Principle of precaution

There is no reason to classify the principle of abrogation, if this be the general principle, other than as a legal principle.

The principle of distinction and the immunity of non participants the principle of non reciprocity the principle that the legal status of the parties will not be affected the principle of equality the principle of proportionality military necessity Precautions before and during an attack superfluous injury unnecessary suffering protection of the environment.

As to the second element, it was observed that the aim of the provision was to address all forms of communication, and to ensure their functional equivalence.

The Working Group agreed provisionally to delete paragraphs (1) bis and ter pending finalization of its deliberations on functional equivalence and the electronic submission of tenders, respectively.

Principle of debtor protection

The Working Group had therefore taken the view that equivalence between handwritten and electronic signatures should be assured by a sufficiently reliable method.

The approach adopted consists in recognizing the functional equivalence between electronic and paper documents where guarantees for their storage and integrity are assured.

Section IV highlights recent activities related to organic agriculture, including activities of the International Task Force on Harmonization and Equivalence in Organic Agriculture and TC CB activities.

The recent European Action Plan for Organic Food and Farming, which highlights the importance of harmonization and equivalence, is an important a step in the right direction.

Article 5a CEDAW expresses not only the principle of equality, but also the principle of diversity or freedom.

Principle 1 Scope of application

Principle 2 Use of terms

The provisions envisaged are based largely on the UNCITRAL Model Law, which sets out to recognize the functional equivalence between electronic documents and various types of paper documents.

The provisions themselves address the issue of electronic signature of documents using the principle of functional equivalence, by providing that w here the law requires a signature of a person, that requirement is met in relation to a data message if the signature is as reliable as was appropriate for the purpose for which the data message was generated or communicated, in the light of all the circumstances, including any relevant agreement.

However, the Working Group had ultimately lowered its ambitions, merely seeking functional equivalence for electronic communications in the areas to which the draft convention applied.

Nonetheless, the Working Group considered that the Guide to Enactment should describe the concepts, referring to functional equivalence provisions in the Model Law as necessary.

Compliance with the international standard could be used as the basis for determining equivalence, ideally at a multilateral level, as this greatly reduces transaction costs.

As regards the use of electronic communications in the procurement process, the Working Group agreed to continue its consideration of new provisions to be incorporated in the Model Law, as a new article 4 bis. This article would promulgate the general principles of functional equivalence and technological neutrality to be observed in communicating during the procurement process, without stipulating the conditions for functional equivalence between electronic and written tenders.

Principle areas of concern and recommendations