Real exchange ratea

a A higher real exchange rate signifies a real depreciation of the local currency.

Improved, near real time exchange of tracking data, warnings and other terrorism related intelligence.

In the absence of selective export promotion policies, competitiveness depends on the behaviour of real wages and the real exchange rate, as well as on productivity growth.

Large current account surpluses and or rising terms of trade imply that the equilibrium real exchange rate (the relative price of foreign to domestic goods) has appreciated in countries like China and Russia. Thus, over time the actual real exchange rate needs to converge via real appreciation with the stronger equilibrium rate.

39. In the absence of selective export promotion policies, competitiveness depends on the behaviour of real wages and the real exchange rate, as well as on productivity growth.

Real exchange rate adjustments inside a monetary union, or among countries with fixed exchange rates, can take place through inflation differentials. The real value of the Chinese renminbi, for example, has appreciated considerably relative to the US dollar, despite limited nominal exchange rate changes, because China s domestic prices have risen faster than have prices in the United States.

The foreign exchange rate system was freely floating and the country benefited from stable real exchange rates, funded by fiscal and monetary policy and the size of the international reserves.

b Calculated by multiplying the ratio of value added per worker in manufacturing (column 3) to real wage costs in manufacturing (column 2) by the real exchange rate (column 1).

There is huge room to maneuver between the extremes of targeting a specific level of the real exchange rate and disowning any interest in the real exchange rate. The central bank does need to have a view, updated over time, about the exchange rate s appropriate range, and it should signal when it thinks the currency is moving in the wrong direction.

Both delegations reaffirmed their common goal of improving the Early Warning System and the exchange of real time data on fishing operations.

On each occasion, it had reviewed information that demonstrated that specific exchange rates had no real impact on the total compensation comparison results.

Over the medium to long term, exchange rates are indeed driven by what happens in the real economy. Or, more precisely, they reflect the requirement that the real exchange rate be such that the economy attains both external balance (a small and manageable current account deficit) and internal balance (no inflationary pressures at home).

For countries seeking re entry into international financial markets after the debt crisis, higher real interest rates and a stable exchange rate were prerequisites.

The overall decline of 5 million had been achieved through real resource reductions of 210 million offset by output cost pressure from inflation and foreign exchange fluctuation.

When the respective law is adopted, the institution that had suggested the expropriation shall offer the owner to conclude an agreement on the expropriation of the real estate offering what it considers a fair compensation or equally valuable real estate as an exchange.

The change can be measured by real exchange rate appreciation, which consists partly in nominal renminbi appreciation against the dollar, and partly in Chinese inflation. China s government should have let more of the real appreciation take the form of nominal appreciation (dollars per renminbi).

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Over the longer term, a strong currency promotes efficiency in export industries, further insulating competitiveness from exchange rate effects. Dollar depreciation improves Europe s terms of trade and real income.

In some of them, the erosion of competitiveness associated with real exchange rate appreciation (the Dutch disease ) is becoming a burden to producers and is choking off economic growth.

Changes in real wages, productivity and exchange rates since 1986, shown in table 4, suggest that in all four countries distinguished (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia) competitiveness has improved.

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For example, a thoughtfully designed crawling peg can stop the real exchange rate from appreciating, the trade balance from widening and the expectation of a significant devaluation from growing.12

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On 24 April 1997 the Government established the Agency for Mediation in Transactions with Specified Real Estate, responsible for facilitating the sale and exchange of abandoned property in the former Sectors.

Take the same country s current account deficit and ask how large a real depreciation is needed (making some assumptions about trade elasticities along the way) to close that external gap. If the recent real depreciation achieves that threshold, no further change in the exchange rate should be expected.

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After the restructurings, almost all debtor countries experienced an economic recovery and regained external viability (also due to real exchange rate depreciation), although in a context of more favourable global economic conditions.

On several occasions, that had led to much higher levels of real interest rates and exchange rate fluctuations, which had increased the cost and diminished availability of international financing to developing countries.

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