Signatures

Reliability of electronic signatures

New signatures

Checking signatures

Checking signatures

Signatures, Ratifications, etc.

(b) Electronic signatures

Including five signatures.

No signatures found.

The EU Directive on Electronic Signatures facilitates the use of electronic signatures and contributes to their legal recognition.

Paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 lays down general criteria for functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures.

Recognition of foreign certificates and electronic signatures

Keys for Qualified Signatures

Different results for signatures

Signatures and thumbprint verification

In order to achieve functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures, there should not be any additional reliability requirement for electronic signatures as contained in paragraph 3 (b) of article 9.

This phrase provides that electronic signatures that only fulfil these minimum functions will satisfy the requirement of law for signatures.

Signatures can then be estimated.

Their signatures are especially crucial.

Questions of proof of the making of the signature (which exist for both handwritten and electronic signatures) should not distort the law on the validity of signatures.

In our view, electronic signatures are merely another form of signature, and should in principle be legally valid as signatures without any special requirements of reliability.

(b) the conditions associated with the use of digital signatures

(e) Forging signatures as well as misappropriation of forged documents.

The Guide to Enactment text discussing the latter article notes that its aim is to promote reliance on electronic signatures for producing legal effect where such electronic signatures are functionally equivalent to handwritten signatures.

Mr. Boulet (Belgium) said that his delegation also wished to keep the text of the draft article unchanged since it set out a clear legal rule governing the validity of electronic signatures.

Instrument Ratifications Signatures 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Signatures only 5 ratifications and accessions 1

Signatures only 1 ratifications and accessions 0

A. Draft uniform rules on electronic signatures

However, the real problem with electronic signatures was that, without certain safeguards, they could be manipulated more easily than handwritten signatures.

The Board considered that this method of judgemental verification of signatures without the use of either trained staff or the required forensic machine cannot be said to be the most reliable and effective method of determining the validity of signatures, particularly where signatures tend to change with age.

Even if it was later found appropriate to devise specific rules for incorporation by reference in the context of digital signatures, a general discussion and possibly a general set of rules were needed.

Ratifications and signatures of the five legal instruments governing outer space

(a) The authenticity of electronic signatures relating to tenders can be established comply with relevant electronic signature legislation, e.g. that based on Model Law on Electronic Signatures

Provisions of that type were also relevant for the purpose of determining the effects to be granted to digital signatures and acts related to, or involving the use of, digital signatures.

(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 38

(o) UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001).

F. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001)

The Working Group was urged not to introduce, in connection with digital signatures, requirements more stringent than those that applied to handwritten signatures.

It was suggested that a provision along the lines of paragraph (1) might need to distinguish between different kinds of digital signatures (e.g., the various levels of security performed by various algorithms, and the corresponding variation in the costs of digital signatures) and different circumstances under which digital signatures were used.

(f) The number of signatures to the International Declaration on Cleaner Production.

(c) The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001)

It specifically creates a double legal regime for signatures.

Unscrupulous parties could try to invalidate their electronic signatures on grounds of unreliability.

Furthermore, it was stated that the rule contained in paragraph (2) appeared to impose on users of digital signatures a burden that went beyond existing requirements with respect to handwritten signatures.