Signatures and thumbprint verification

(d) The Administration should consider the procurement of suitable equipment to assist the codifiers in the verification of signatures and thumbprints.

The Board considered that this method of judgemental verification of signatures without the use of either trained staff or the required forensic machine cannot be said to be the most reliable and effective method of determining the validity of signatures, particularly where signatures tend to change with age.

It was suggested that it would be preferable to delete paragraph (3) and replace it with a descriptive definition of verification of signatures.

The Board recommends that the Fund consider the procurement of suitable equipment to assist the codifiers in the verification of signatures and thumbprints.

However, in order to allow for a wider use of digital signatures, it would be necessary to promote the confidence of the general public in the authenticity of the signatures and in the reliability of the methods being used for their verification.

Signatures

(4) The relevant authority in the enacting State shall lay down specific rules for the technical requirements to be met by digital signatures and the verification thereof.

Reliability of electronic signatures

New signatures

Checking signatures

Checking signatures

Signatures, Ratifications, etc.

(b) Electronic signatures

Including five signatures.

No signatures found.

The EU Directive on Electronic Signatures facilitates the use of electronic signatures and contributes to their legal recognition.

Paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 lays down general criteria for functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures.

Recognition of foreign certificates and electronic signatures

Keys for Qualified Signatures

Different results for signatures

In order to achieve functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures, there should not be any additional reliability requirement for electronic signatures as contained in paragraph 3 (b) of article 9.

This phrase provides that electronic signatures that only fulfil these minimum functions will satisfy the requirement of law for signatures.

16. On the issue of the verification of thumbprints and signatures in respect of certificates of entitlement returned by Fund beneficiaries,13 the Advisory Committee is of the view that, regardless of the system finally implemented, it must remain cost effective.

Signatures can then be estimated.

Their signatures are especially crucial.

On the issue of the verification of thumbprints and signatures in respect of certificates of entitlement returned by Fund beneficiaries (annex III, paras. 37 40), the Board of Auditors recommended that suitable equipment to assist the codifiers in this area be procured.

Questions of proof of the making of the signature (which exist for both handwritten and electronic signatures) should not distort the law on the validity of signatures.

In our view, electronic signatures are merely another form of signature, and should in principle be legally valid as signatures without any special requirements of reliability.

(b) the conditions associated with the use of digital signatures

(e) Forging signatures as well as misappropriation of forged documents.

The Guide to Enactment text discussing the latter article notes that its aim is to promote reliance on electronic signatures for producing legal effect where such electronic signatures are functionally equivalent to handwritten signatures.

The view was expressed that paragraph (3) was inadequate for the purpose of introducing the notions of public key infrastructure and verification of digital signatures and that paragraph (3) dealt instead with substantive matters that did not belong in the definition of digital signature .

Instrument Ratifications Signatures 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Signatures only 5 ratifications and accessions 1

Signatures only 1 ratifications and accessions 0

A. Draft uniform rules on electronic signatures

However, the real problem with electronic signatures was that, without certain safeguards, they could be manipulated more easily than handwritten signatures.

Verification of business licences

Verification of insurance documents

Verification of the Claims

Ratifications and signatures of the five legal instruments governing outer space

(a) The authenticity of electronic signatures relating to tenders can be established comply with relevant electronic signature legislation, e.g. that based on Model Law on Electronic Signatures

Verification

Verification