Mr. Dwight Justice, Multinational Enterprises Department, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

This includes practical recommendations and guidelines for governments, Trade Points and enterprises.

1994 1995 Minister for Trade, Industry and State Enterprises, Republic of Sierra Leone

Industrial Enterprises (MIEs) in the Eastern and Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern

A trade structure involving many enterprises, particularly SMEs, will require widely available and accessible trade related services and a closer integration of the services of key sectors, whereas a trading structure involving a few large enterprises will tend to have many of the trade related services in the enterprises themselves, with a low level of availability and accessibility to newcomers.

In the field, it assists Governments and enterprises in enhancing the efficiency of their trade supporting sectors and hence that of their trade sector.

139. Other agencies, such as the International Trade Centre, refer to increased awareness of trade rules in the business community and improved competitiveness of enterprises and capacities in trade promotion.

Dr. Yumkella is a former Minister of Trade, Industry and State Enterprises of the Republic of Sierra Leone.

In addition, problems of availability, selection and international standardisation hamper enterprises in understanding and applying that information for trade.

Minister for Trade, Industry and State Enterprises in Sierra Leone, with experience in trade, commerce and industrial policy formulation, implementation and monitoring as part of economic reform programmes.

A further indicator of the trade structure will be a listing of enterprises involved in the export of each commodity or product, showing to what extent large enterprises have vertically integrated their activities.

Trade facilitation, business information and adequate human resource development in the field of enterprise management and trade support services will occupy a prominent position in the strategies of all Governments and enterprises involved in international trade.

On the other hand, support can be expected from enterprises that hope to gain from the improvement in trade efficiency.

ITC South South trade development seeks to expand trade among developing countries and economies in transition by identifying specific opportunities and providing assistance to enterprises taking advantage of these opportunities.

Commission on International Trade Law Noting that increased cross border trade and investment leads to greater incidence of cases where enterprises and individuals have assets in more than one State,

Article 45 All equipment, facilities, explosives and safety instruments used by coal mining enterprises must meet the national or trade standards.

The latter function would permit the Trade Point to develop its activities in support of micro, small and medium size enterprises.

Linked to the structure of trade is the importance of identifying the types of enterprises operating in terms of their size.

It is likely that smaller enterprises are more vulnerable to the quality and level of trade related services, whereas larger enterprises have the capacity to be more autonomous or have a greater leverage on the services.

With regard to trade capacity building, UNIDO should utilize its expertise to help enterprises in developing countries to conform to international technical regulations and standards and thus overcome technical barriers to trade.

(a) Less advanced regions would receive tangible benefits from a more intensive use of information technologies, through higher levels of trade competitiveness for their small and medium sized enterprises, and trade diversification

Trade facilitation is enhanced if enterprises can use electronic trading, but such trading may be limited by the current ability of trade related services to interact electronically (e.g. electronic declarations to customs).

However, risks of outbreak of an all out trade war stuck the business prospects of enterprises, likely to threaten the business capital expenditure.

5. Business information 38. Problems of availability, selection, access and international standardization hamper enterprises in making the best use of information for trade.

(iii) Clustering of enterprises and free trade zones could help in promoting diversification by increasing forward and backward linkages and lowering transaction costs.

42. The ninth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) had shown UNCTAD to be the most suitable forum for the integrated solution of problems involving trade in services and raw materials, investment, technology, enterprises and trade facilitation.

Enterprises exporting to or importing from a country will have differing perceptions with regard to how efficient that country is in terms of trade.

The main objective of the Trade Point programme continues to be to produce practical results at the local level, i.e. to provide local enterprises (especially small and medium sized enterprises) with flexible, low cost tools to compete on international markets.

Enterprises Formerly World Assembly of Small and Medium Enterprises. . XXX

13.23 The focus of the Division of Trade Support Services is on enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises in world markets through its four technical and cross cutting programmes, namely (a) business advisory services the programme will continue to help create a more supportive environment to boost international trade activities by businesses, in particular small and medium sized enterprises.

(d) to generate trade supporting services in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries and the countries in transition, especially for informal sectors and micro, small and medium sized enterprises, so as to increase trade efficiency

The funds of an insurance company shall not be applied to the establishment of any entity to trade bonds or securities or investment in enterprises.

The UEMOA agreement creates a supranational authority whose jurisdiction extends to public enterprises and government policies that may have trade distorting or anti competitive effects.

UNCTAD had developed software to improve debt management and promote trade efficiency through the establishment of trade points, which provided up to date information on global markets and enhanced the competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises.

This will include partnerships for the creation of trust communities to promote secure electronic trade, alliances to combine the interests of large information technology companies and small and medium sized enterprises, and capacity building for electronic trade.

(e) Assisting in the strengthening of national capabilities in the collection and dissemination of information pertaining to trade and investment opportunities, trade efficiency and facilitation measures and enterprise development, especially the development of small and medium sized enterprises, as well as organizing trade fairs and exhibitions

quot Noting that increased cross border trade and investment leads to greater incidence of cases where enterprises and individuals have assets in more than one State,

The trade and environment debate has highlighted the special conditions of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in responding to environmental challenges, particularly in developing countries.

Training in this area would be highly beneficial for enterprises that are seeking to expand their trade horizons, as well as for government officials assisting them

UNCTAD, the UN ECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) and ITC (International Trade Center) work harmoniously to assist enterprises to import and export efficiently, thus providing greater access to the full benefits of an open trade environment.

(c) Expert assistance and advice provided to the Governments on policy issues relating to trade facilitation and electronic commerce trade points on the setting up and marketing of electronic commerce services for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) clients

OFDI has helped Indian enterprises, particularly SMEs, increase their export competitiveness and R D intensity, strengthened their trade support and marketing channels, and contributed to skills upgrading.

Operators and prostitutes have together formed interest groups and joined, respectively, the MKB (small and medium sized enterprises sector) and the FNV (Federation of Netherlands Trade Unions).

Indeed, without access to affordable credit, economic growth, competitiveness and international trade could not be fostered, with enterprises being prevented from expanding to meet their full potential.

SAPs contain four main elements trade liberalization, compensatory devaluation of the national currency, expenditure reduction through monetary and fiscal policies, and privatization and reform of public enterprises.