That, in turn, indicates a high demographic dependency ratio.

However, China has a smaller proportion of children (22 per cent) than India (29 per cent) and China's dependency ratio, that is to say, the number of children and elderly persons per 10 persons of working age, is 4 compared with India's dependency ratio, which is 6.

However, over the long run, the demographic bonus dissipates as the population continues to age and the dependency ratio rises again because of increasing proportions of elderly persons.

The sex ratio decreases with age.

According to official data, China s old age dependency ratio the ratio of those aged 65 and up to working age people (aged 15 64) currently stands at 13 . As the one child generation ages adding some ten million retirees annually this ratio will skyrocket, with the labor surplus that supported China s economic miracle giving way to a severe shortage that depresses growth.

The dependency ratio in the developed world is currently under 5 children and elderly persons per 10 adults of working age but it is rising and is expected to reach 7 by 2050.

AND AGE GROUP BY SEX AND SEX RATIO ANNEX 7 AGE GROUP POPULATION

As fertility declines, the proportion of the population comprising children (persons under age 15) also declines, whereas the proportion of the population of working age increases, resulting in a decreasing dependency ratio (defined as the average number of children and elderly persons per 10 persons of working age).

TOTAL POPULATION BY AGE GROUP, SEX AND SEX RATIO ANNEX 1 AGE GROUP POPULATION MALE FEMALE SEX RATIO UNITED MEXICAN STATES 0 4 YEARS

TABLE 4.1 Ratio of literate population by gender and age groups

Such adjustments may include, in addition to investing in individual lifelong development (as outlined above), increasing productivity so as to increase resources expanding, as feasible, the female and immigrant workforce so as to balance the old age dependency ratio and making economies, as possible, in, for example, military spending.

Dependency

Dependency

Macro level concerns have been mainly in terms of social security costs, usually calculated in terms of rising old age dependency ratios. 68. The rising dependency ratio of older persons is, in itself, only one of many factors that can influence a nation s capacity to provide income security to its elderly while ensuring economic growth. A broad and more integrated approach would introduce several other factors, including, inter alia

Even more fundamental arithmetic lies at the core of the debt quandary. The tax rate required to fund social welfare benefits depends on three factors the dependency ratio (the ratio of recipients to taxpayers) the replacement rate (the ratio of benefits to average wages) and the economic growth rate (roughly, productivity plus population growth).

Table 3.3 Ratio of typical economic activities by gender, age groups, rural and urban areas, 1 April 1999 ( )

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Table 5.2 Ratio of people being infected by sexually transmitted diseases in different age groups and by gender, 2001 ( )

E. Dependency allowances

B. Dependency allowances

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F. Dependency allowances

(a) Drug dependency.

3. Dependency allowances

Table 5.3 Ratio of married women from 15 to 49 years old currently using contraceptive measures by different age groups ( )

The sex ratio below the age of 30 shows that more women are finding their way into professional and technical jobs.

10 The ageing rate is the ratio between the increase of average age over a reference year and the average age at the start of the reference year, for the same population.

In 1987, mortality rates were higher for men in all age groups, with a male to female ratio of 3.8 to 1.

Dependency allowances (net per annum)

Dependency allowances (net per annum)

(d) Reduced oil import dependency

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2. Drug dependency (54 cases)

In addition to providing the full distribution of populations by sex and age by five year age groups to 100 years and over, the published results include several summary statistics on population ageing, including the proportion of the population aged over 60 years and over 65 years, median age of the population and old age dependency ratios.

The coverage ratio for these activities was very high, 95 per cent of children under the age of five were immunized against polio.

Average emoluments 82,144 (average base salary, at the dependency rate (Standard costs New York) average post adjustment dependency

China s aging population, an unintended consequence of its draconian one child policy, poses another threat to long term prosperity. With the dependency ratio the proportion of children and pensioners relative to working age men and women set to rise rapidly in the coming years, economic growth will remain subdued, while health care and pension costs will increasingly strain government budgets.

Among those in the 20 24 age group, the difference between the reported unemployment rate and the percentage of youth without a job and looking for one (the unemployment ratio) is less stark. But, even among this age group, one finds that the unemployment ratio is often about one half of the widely reported unemployment rate.

(b) The rates of unemployment and of female employment and the age of entry into the workforce, all affecting overall dependency ratios that, in turn, affect national income and disbursements

Ratio

Ratio