However, China has a smaller proportion of children (22 per cent) than India (29 per cent) and China's dependency ratio, that is to say, the number of children and elderly persons per 10 persons of working age, is 4 compared with India's dependency ratio, which is 6.

That, in turn, indicates a high demographic dependency ratio.

However, over the long run, the demographic bonus dissipates as the population continues to age and the dependency ratio rises again because of increasing proportions of elderly persons.

According to official data, China s old age dependency ratio the ratio of those aged 65 and up to working age people (aged 15 64) currently stands at 13 . As the one child generation ages adding some ten million retirees annually this ratio will skyrocket, with the labor surplus that supported China s economic miracle giving way to a severe shortage that depresses growth.

The dependency ratio in the developed world is currently under 5 children and elderly persons per 10 adults of working age but it is rising and is expected to reach 7 by 2050.

As fertility declines, the proportion of the population comprising children (persons under age 15) also declines, whereas the proportion of the population of working age increases, resulting in a decreasing dependency ratio (defined as the average number of children and elderly persons per 10 persons of working age).

The sex ratio decreases with age.

TABLE 4.1 Ratio of literate population by gender and age groups

Even more fundamental arithmetic lies at the core of the debt quandary. The tax rate required to fund social welfare benefits depends on three factors the dependency ratio (the ratio of recipients to taxpayers) the replacement rate (the ratio of benefits to average wages) and the economic growth rate (roughly, productivity plus population growth).

Table 3.3 Ratio of typical economic activities by gender, age groups, rural and urban areas, 1 April 1999 ( )

Table 5.2 Ratio of people being infected by sexually transmitted diseases in different age groups and by gender, 2001 ( )

Table 5.3 Ratio of married women from 15 to 49 years old currently using contraceptive measures by different age groups ( )

The sex ratio below the age of 30 shows that more women are finding their way into professional and technical jobs.

China s aging population, an unintended consequence of its draconian one child policy, poses another threat to long term prosperity. With the dependency ratio the proportion of children and pensioners relative to working age men and women set to rise rapidly in the coming years, economic growth will remain subdued, while health care and pension costs will increasingly strain government budgets.

E. Dependency allowances

B. Dependency allowances

In addition to providing the full distribution of populations by sex and age by five year age groups to 100 years and over, the published results include several summary statistics on population ageing, including the proportion of the population aged over 60 years and over 65 years, median age of the population and old age dependency ratios.

Among those in the 20 24 age group, the difference between the reported unemployment rate and the percentage of youth without a job and looking for one (the unemployment ratio) is less stark. But, even among this age group, one finds that the unemployment ratio is often about one half of the widely reported unemployment rate.

Dependency allowances (net per annum)

Dependency allowances (net per annum)

(d) Reduced oil import dependency

For starters, it is likely that the contribution to output growth of the rising ratio of working age people prior to 2010 was overestimated. That makes the subsequent decline in the ratio an inaccurate measure with which to determine the negative impact on economic performance.

The tax rate necessary to fund social spending must equal the ratio of the number of people receiving benefits to the number of taxpayers (the dependency ratio), multiplied by the average benefit relative to the income being taxed (the replacement rate). It was this math that led Mario Draghi, the president of the European Central Bank, to declare that, The European social model has already gone.

From the population structure point of view, a large influx of immigrants means that the ratio of working age population aged 15 to 39 years old gradually expanded.

There are about 6 dependants (children and the elderly) per every 10 adults of working age and that ratio is expected to continue declining as fertility falls even further.

With China s trade to GDP ratio and exports to GDP ratio already exceeding 60 and 30 , respectively, the economy cannot continue to depend on external demand to sustain growth. Unfortunately, with a large export sector that employs scores of millions of workers, this dependence has become structural, which implies that to reduce China s trade dependency and trade surplus is much more than a matter of adjusting macroeconomic policy.

(b) The dependency on a small number of donors.

A recent study conducted by the International Foundation for Global Economic Development reveals that, since 2000, the economically active population (EAP) has tended to increase for demographic reasons, owing to a change in the ratio between the population reaching working age and the population reaching retirement age.

Preserve Aspect Ratio

Maintain aspect ratio

Maternal mortality ratio

Rural urban population ratio

What is today completely impossible get rid of our dependency on fossil energy.

Dependency allowances (net per annum) Language allowances (to be included in pensionable remuneration)

Dependency allowances (net per annum) Language allowances (to be included in pensionable remuneration)

(b) A positive effect on balance of payments of countries and reduced import dependency

Article 24 The Company shall present the ending balance, beginning balance and percentage increase or decrease of the following financial status indicators asset liability ratio, net asset liability ratio and liquidity ratio in tabular form.

Article 75 The Company shall present the ending balance, beginning balance (prior year) and percentage increase or decrease of the following financial status indicators in tabular form asset liability ratio, net asset liability ratio and liquidity ratio.

Their ratio tells us the water temperature.

Table 4.2 Ratio of pupils by gender ( )

Nationwide, the male female ratio is 0.92.

Also requests the Secretary General to ensure that in all missions the actual ratio of heavy medium vehicles is not greater than the established standard ratio of 1 1 and to justify any departure from this standard ratio

Also requests the Secretary General to ensure that in all missions the actual ratio of heavy medium vehicles is not greater than the established standard ratio of 1 1 and to justify any departure from this standard ratio

With respect to the age distribution of the rural female population, although there is still a greater concentration of women under 19 years old, this ratio has been decreasing as consequence of a demographic trend the Brazilian population is aging.

Their elevation from political dependency to full self government was fundamental to the regional integration process.