That, in turn, indicates a high demographic dependency ratio.

However, China has a smaller proportion of children (22 per cent) than India (29 per cent) and China's dependency ratio, that is to say, the number of children and elderly persons per 10 persons of working age, is 4 compared with India's dependency ratio, which is 6.

Even more fundamental arithmetic lies at the core of the debt quandary. The tax rate required to fund social welfare benefits depends on three factors the dependency ratio (the ratio of recipients to taxpayers) the replacement rate (the ratio of benefits to average wages) and the economic growth rate (roughly, productivity plus population growth).

According to official data, China s old age dependency ratio the ratio of those aged 65 and up to working age people (aged 15 64) currently stands at 13 . As the one child generation ages adding some ten million retirees annually this ratio will skyrocket, with the labor surplus that supported China s economic miracle giving way to a severe shortage that depresses growth.

Dependency

Dependency

In order to reduce women's dependency, the need for women economic empowerment cannot be overemphasized.

However, over the long run, the demographic bonus dissipates as the population continues to age and the dependency ratio rises again because of increasing proportions of elderly persons.

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E. Dependency allowances

B. Dependency allowances

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F. Dependency allowances

(a) Drug dependency.

3. Dependency allowances

Macro level concerns have been mainly in terms of social security costs, usually calculated in terms of rising old age dependency ratios. 68. The rising dependency ratio of older persons is, in itself, only one of many factors that can influence a nation s capacity to provide income security to its elderly while ensuring economic growth. A broad and more integrated approach would introduce several other factors, including, inter alia

Table 3.8 Ratio of urban female labour by economic sectors in 1989 and 1999 ( )

The dependency ratio in the developed world is currently under 5 children and elderly persons per 10 adults of working age but it is rising and is expected to reach 7 by 2050.

Dependency allowances (net per annum)

Dependency allowances (net per annum)

(d) Reduced oil import dependency

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2. Drug dependency (54 cases)

If the ratio is less than 1, then clearly the Base is not an economic operation.

Average emoluments 82,144 (average base salary, at the dependency rate (Standard costs New York) average post adjustment dependency

To maintain its economic growth, however, Jordan had to address national issues of poverty and unemployment, aid dependency and chronic water shortages.

Ratio

Ratio

Ratio

Table 3.3 Ratio of typical economic activities by gender, age groups, rural and urban areas, 1 April 1999 ( )

Audit of education grant and dependency allowance

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(c) Dependency on income from fossil fuels

Special dependency benefits and special education grants

The Assembly also recognized that urgent action is needed to address gender inequality and economic dependency and poverty in the context of HIV AIDS.

Staff ratio

Aspect ratio

Golden Ratio

Custom ratio