The Office prohibited the anti competitive behaviour and imposed a fine of CZK 313 million (approximately US 10.6 million).

Ivorian legislation distinguishes between practices which result from individual behaviour (restrictive practices) and those which arise from concerted actions (anti competitive practices).

I. Anti competitive practices

I. Anti competitive practices 4

1. CONCERTED OR ANTI COMPETITIVE PRACTICES

Audiovisual services Certain business practices of distributors of audiovisual services give rise to concern about possible anti competitive behaviour, especially due to the vertical linkages between producers and distributors.

The Australia Thailand agreement, for instance, contains a definition of the anti competitive practices to be proscribed these include business conduct or transactions that adversely affect competition, such as anti competitive horizontal arrangements between competitors misuse of market power, including predatory pricing anti competitive vertical arrangements and anti competitive mergers and acquisitions.

Zambia Anti competitive restrictions on exports of cement

Some of the cases reviewed demonstrate that anti competitive practices such as collusion and abuse of dominance occur in a variety of sectors and that in many instances anti competitive practices involve a mixture of vertical and horizontal anti competitive practices.

Finally, it may be useful to identify appropriate grievance redress procedures that developing country ISPs could use in response to potential anti competitive behaviour in the market for Internet backbone connectivity.

Zambia Anti competitive restrictions on exports of cement .6

Networks of different sizes face different incentives to interconnect they are much more significant for smaller networks, and a refusal to peer by the larger ones would not necessarily constitute anti competitive behaviour.

It was however, agreed that in view of the stakeholder concerns expressed about the transaction, the operation of the joint venture should be closely monitored against the possibility of any future anti competitive behaviour.

Instead the laws speak of anti social behaviour or use similar terms.

Even in the case of other developing markets, it is important that vigilance be exercised so that market structures do no evolve in a direction in which powerful market players can engage in anti competitive behaviour.

Collusion between private firms is a significant source of foreign anti competitive behaviour increasingly resulting in price and market rigging of cartels across developing countries that stifle competition in the markets of both developed and developing countries.

That is why they are known as anti competitive practices, as described below

However, even the exchange of non confidential information has helped draw attention to possible anti competitive behaviour, improved the handling of cases and contributed to similarity in the analyses undertaken by the different authorities and the compatibility of remedies.

The growth in concentration in retailing has also given rise to a number of concerns about anti competitive behaviour of major retailers vis à vis other competitors, and abuses of buyers' power with respect to suppliers of products and consumers.

It was necessary to address anti competitive tendencies emanating from both domestic and external markets.

After a number of complaints from the market, the Costa Rican Commission for the Promotion of Competition initiated an investigation into the alleged anti competitive behaviour of the Coca Cola Company, the Coca Cola Interamerican Corporation and Panamco Tica S.A (Panamco Tica).

Because competition agencies appear to have a comparative advantage over regulators when it comes to enforcing prohibitions of anti competitive behaviour and reviewing mergers, such agencies should have exclusive jurisdiction in those domains, or at least retain concurrent jurisdiction along with a regulator.

A third anti competitive practice, known as loss leader selling, is also prohibited by the ordinance.

Under the EU Chile agreement, for instance, the parties undertake to apply their respective competition laws in a manner consistent with the agreement, so as to prevent the benefits of the liberalization process in goods and services from being diminished or cancelled out by anti competitive business conduct and the parties also undertake to give particular attention to anti competitive agreements, concerted practices and abusive behaviour resulting from single or joint dominant positions.

This case is an example of cross border anti competitive mergers' spillover effects emanating from other jurisdictions.

Also, they wish to ensure that their access to world markets is not frustrated by anti competitive practices.

Monopolists and dominant firms, like Microsoft, can actually suppress innovation. Unless checked by anti trust authorities, they can engage in anti competitive behavior that reinforces their monopoly power.

The Commission nevertheless found these concerns to be more a fear of competition than of actual anti competitive practices.

However, they require good coverage of existing NTBs to be fully reliable, including beyond the border measures like internal governmental measures and imperfectly competitive behaviour.

Agreement Between the European Community and the Government of Japan concerning Cooperation on Anti Competitive Activities, Brussels, 10 July 2003

Agreement Between the European Community and the Government of Japan concerning Cooperation on Anti Competitive Activities, Brussels, 10 July 2003.

With reference to such a policy, in certain circumstances intellectual property rights could also give rise to anti competitive practices.

Through these campaigns, competition authorities stimulate a culture of competition and make the public realize how harmful anti competitive practices are.

In the current case, the denial of access to port facilities by the dominant player has negative anti competitive effects in Jamaica.

The Australia United States agreement (which does not apply to merger control) appears so far to be the only one providing for the possibility of the use of compulsory processes by one country under its laws to acquire information at the request of another country whose important national interests are being affected by anti competitive behaviour organized in the requested country, even if such behaviour is not illegal under the requested country's laws.

Information about the quality of the service provided, which can also be use as an anti competitive weapon should also be more transparent.

There is usually no separation between detainees, but those whose behaviour is anti social, as determined by the Supervisory Committees, are put in isolation cells.

This fact, in itself, cannot be taken as definitive evidence of the presence of anti competitive practices in the market for international Internet connectivity.

It was, however, important to ensure that public restraints were not replaced by private restraints such as cartels and restrictive or anti competitive practices.

Establish or strengthen appropriate mechanisms at the regional and sub regional levels to promote exchange of information on anti competitive practices and on the application of national and regional laws and policies in this area, and to assist each other to their mutual advantage regarding control of anti competitive practices at the regional and sub regional levels.

Behaviour

The UEMOA agreement creates a supranational authority whose jurisdiction extends to public enterprises and government policies that may have trade distorting or anti competitive effects.

However, anti competitive regulations and monopolistic market structures persisted in many countries, as well as structural barriers that hindered enterprises apos free access to markets.

As regards prohibited agreements, the Commission issued opinion No. 002 CTX of 27 March 1996 concerning anti competitive practices in the inter urban passenger transport sector.

Acidic Behaviour