This case is an example of cross border anti competitive mergers' spillover effects emanating from other jurisdictions.

I. Anti competitive practices

I. Anti competitive practices 4

In the current case, the denial of access to port facilities by the dominant player has negative anti competitive effects in Jamaica.

1. CONCERTED OR ANTI COMPETITIVE PRACTICES

The Australia Thailand agreement, for instance, contains a definition of the anti competitive practices to be proscribed these include business conduct or transactions that adversely affect competition, such as anti competitive horizontal arrangements between competitors misuse of market power, including predatory pricing anti competitive vertical arrangements and anti competitive mergers and acquisitions.

The UEMOA agreement creates a supranational authority whose jurisdiction extends to public enterprises and government policies that may have trade distorting or anti competitive effects.

Zambia Anti competitive restrictions on exports of cement

Some of the cases reviewed demonstrate that anti competitive practices such as collusion and abuse of dominance occur in a variety of sectors and that in many instances anti competitive practices involve a mixture of vertical and horizontal anti competitive practices.

Zambia Anti competitive restrictions on exports of cement .6

Similarly, competition authorities are increasingly called upon to assess the potential anti competitive effects of mergers and acquisitions, that have either a domestic or an international dimension.

Injurious effects of anti personnel mines

1997 33. Injurious effects of anti personnel

In developing countries in particular, an alert merger policy is important so that these transactions do not result in unilateral or collusive anti competitive effects, which would hinder the development process.

That is why they are known as anti competitive practices, as described below

This case illustrates the importance of public awareness campaigns in the detection of anti competitive conduct in developing countries and the beneficial effects that action by competition authorities may have in favour of consumers.

It was necessary to address anti competitive tendencies emanating from both domestic and external markets.

Studies undertaken by experts show that this anti personnel and anti environmental weapon has extremely long lasting effects.

A third anti competitive practice, known as loss leader selling, is also prohibited by the ordinance.

Also, they wish to ensure that their access to world markets is not frustrated by anti competitive practices.

Monopolists and dominant firms, like Microsoft, can actually suppress innovation. Unless checked by anti trust authorities, they can engage in anti competitive behavior that reinforces their monopoly power.

The emergence of China and India presents both opportunities and challenges in terms of complementarity and competitive effects.

The Office prohibited the anti competitive behaviour and imposed a fine of CZK 313 million (approximately US 10.6 million).

The Commission nevertheless found these concerns to be more a fear of competition than of actual anti competitive practices.

Instead, the parties undertake to apply their respective competition laws with the objective inter alia of avoiding adverse effects on trade and economic development, as well as the possible negative impact that anti competitive activities may have on the other Party's interests.

E CN.4 Sub.2 1997 L.4 11 Injurious effects of anti personnel landmines

Agreement Between the European Community and the Government of Japan concerning Cooperation on Anti Competitive Activities, Brussels, 10 July 2003

Agreement Between the European Community and the Government of Japan concerning Cooperation on Anti Competitive Activities, Brussels, 10 July 2003.

With reference to such a policy, in certain circumstances intellectual property rights could also give rise to anti competitive practices.

Through these campaigns, competition authorities stimulate a culture of competition and make the public realize how harmful anti competitive practices are.

Ivorian legislation distinguishes between practices which result from individual behaviour (restrictive practices) and those which arise from concerted actions (anti competitive practices).

Information about the quality of the service provided, which can also be use as an anti competitive weapon should also be more transparent.

The EU Mexico Decision includes as one of its objectives the elimination of anti competitive activities by applying the appropriate legislation, so as to avoid adverse effects on trade and economic development, as well as the possible negative impact that such activities may have on the other party's interests.

This fact, in itself, cannot be taken as definitive evidence of the presence of anti competitive practices in the market for international Internet connectivity.

It was, however, important to ensure that public restraints were not replaced by private restraints such as cartels and restrictive or anti competitive practices.

Establish or strengthen appropriate mechanisms at the regional and sub regional levels to promote exchange of information on anti competitive practices and on the application of national and regional laws and policies in this area, and to assist each other to their mutual advantage regarding control of anti competitive practices at the regional and sub regional levels.

However, anti competitive regulations and monopolistic market structures persisted in many countries, as well as structural barriers that hindered enterprises apos free access to markets.

Mr. BIELASHOV (Ukraine) said he looked forward to a universal commitment to eradicate the inhumane effects of anti personnel mines.

9. The activities of WHO and the Committee in the field of evaluation of the health effects of ionizing radiation are complementary and not competitive.

As regards prohibited agreements, the Commission issued opinion No. 002 CTX of 27 March 1996 concerning anti competitive practices in the inter urban passenger transport sector.

Revised recommendation of the OECD Council concerning cooperation between member countries on anti competitive practices affecting international trade (27 and 28 July 1995 (C(95)130 FINAL)).

Indeed, there is little evidence of serious anti competitive practices that would warrant ex ante market regulation, at least not in the main markets for interconnection services.

When anti dumping measures are applied to Chilean products by a developed country, this is to me a policy with local effects.

This case shows that in the absence of adequate evidence to prosecute anti competitive practices, developing countries may sometimes use other government policies to tackle a competition case.

We are aware of the enormous importance of the Convention banning anti personnel landmines and its beneficial effects for international peace and security.