That technique allows lenders to spread credit risk among the participants in the syndication, thereby enabling them to extend larger volumes of credit.

(a) Export credit insurance UNCTAD should support the spread of export credit insurance facilities in the developing world.

The spread of enrichment and reprocessing technology poses a particularly dangerous risk.

It would also probably slightly raise the cost of credit, as banks would bear more risk.

This would, in its turn, allow banks and other lenders to better assess enterprise risks using modern ICT based techniques for credit risk assessment and credit scoring.

National credit risk insurance schemes, usually obligatory, have often proved to be inadequate as claims are seldom paid.

These children mostly come from the social risk groups in which the spread of the disease is the greatest.

The Committee also notes that polygamy and prostitution were serious risk factors in the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

The immediate causes are well known. They range from subdued bank lending to unusually high risk aversion, and from discredited credit vehicles to the withdrawal of some institutions from credit intermediation altogether.

Campaigns reached over 5 million children, while the restoration of routine immunization has been crucial for minimizing the risk of disease spread.

Exporters generally prefer to deal with countries with good credit ratings, where the cost of credit risk insurance is not high or where they are able to deal with credible financial institutions to facilitate payment.

iii.The held to maturity investment is sold due to any important business enterprise combination or serious disposal so as to maintain the prevailing interest risk position or maintain the prevailing credit risk policies

Risk factors and vulnerabilities for the rapid spread of HIV within the country abound, particularly in Ulaanbaatar, where about half the population lives.

Evidence of this risk is the outbreak of mumps in 2003 that spread from the northern West Bank to all West Bank districts.

Intravenous use increased the risk of the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C and other blood borne infections.

Another delegation referred to the need to set up risk management systems, so as to prevent the spread of financial crisis and economic instability.

In Europe, the pre crisis boom in real estate investment was fueled by reckless credit flows from Northern to Southern Europe. Credit rationing has followed, as banks reduced their overburdened balance sheets and were discouraged from risk taking.

Initial and obvious points to be expected are comments on the accessibility and cost of trade finance, credit risk insurance and instruments of payment.

The Office of Internal Oversight Services believes that the combination of these lines could make the risk package more attractive to underwriters, since the exposures would be spread across a wider spectrum of locations and risk profiles.

Credit Where Credit is Due

Spread the ideas. Spread the light.

In depth, location specific surveys in high risk areas are ensuring closer monitoring, thereby allowing for timely actions to prevent the spread of the disease.

And over the course of the last six years, it's spread and it's spread and it's spread and it's spread around the world.

21 Debt buy backs involve buying back the claims at the net present value of the remaining cash flows the net present value is calculated by discounting cash flows at risk free rate plus a market referenced common country risk spread.

The relatively low interest rates on both short term and long term bonds are now causing both individual investors and institutional fund managers to assume duration risk and credit quality risk in the hope of achieving higher returns. That was the same risk strategy that preceded the financial crisis in 2008.

Moreover, in a risk off environment, when investors are risk averse or when equities and other risky assets are subject to market and or credit uncertainty, it may be better to hold negative yielding bonds than riskier and more volatile assets.

That risk, it was said, would be even greater in case of a demand made on the eve of insolvency and could affect the cost of credit.

Before the disaster, Japan issued about 1.5 billion in earthquake related catastrophe bonds as a risk management device the debt is canceled if a precisely defined seismic event occurs. This design helped spread the earthquake risk from Japan to foreign investors, who could accept the risk and were enticed by higher expected yields.

Spread

Spread.

Recognizing that the globalization of trade and increased international travel have increased the risk of a rapid worldwide spread of infectious diseases, posing new challenges to public health,

Recognizing that the globalization of trade and increased international travel have increased the risk of a rapid worldwide spread of infectious diseases, posing new challenges to public health,

The purpose is to ensure regular, up to date and reliable information on identifying nutritional problems, risk groups, and the scale and spread of nutrition related health problems.

Clearly, the insured risks were a small part of the total risk. Moreover, much of that risk, even if insured, continues to be borne in Japan, rather than being spread effectively to foreign investors, so Japan is still alone in bearing the costs.

Considerable credit risks hamper trade finance and financial risk management in countries with high sovereign risks, an issue closely related to a country s economic development and economic policies.

Credit

Credit

When the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers endangered the credit of financial institutions, private credit was replaced by the credit of the state, revealing an unrecognized flaw in the euro. By transferring their right to print money to the European Central Bank (ECB), member countries exposed themselves to the risk of default, like Third World countries heavily indebted in a foreign currency.

This system of funds allocation, in which employment bureaux assume the role of banks, is not appropriate, for these institutions are not competent in credit analysis and risk assessment.

Risk is reduced because credit secured by assets gives creditors access to the assets as another source of payment in the event of non payment of the secured obligation.

(d) Bank trade finance and risk management products letters of credit and acceptance financing are still the most commonly utilized trade finance instruments, particularly for exporters in developing countries.

Line spread

Spread Sheet

Spread out!

Spread out!