Donald Rumsfeld s dogma of military transformation the technological upgrading of an army s capacity to enable decisive victory with fewer troops failed resoundingly in Iraq. Nor could Israel, with its overwhelming technological advantage, defeat Hezbollah in Lebanon.

Indeed, industrial and technological upgrading forms the core of Likonomics. But significant uncertainty remains over how to achieve it within the constraints of China s state led economy.

Concerned that military applications of scientific and technological developments can contribute significantly to the improvement and upgrading of advanced weapon systems and, in particular, weapons of mass destruction,

Concerned that military applications of scientific and technological developments can contribute significantly to the improvement and upgrading of advanced weapons systems and, in particular, weapons of mass destruction,

Concerned that military applications of scientific and technological developments can contribute significantly to the improvement and upgrading of advanced weapons systems and, in particular, weapons of mass destruction,

In theory, any developing country that can harness its latecomer s advantage to achieve technological and industrial upgrading can grow faster than developed countries. How much faster is an empirical question.

There are, however, ways in which TNCs can contribute to the technological upgrading of local companies and the local economy as such without the risk of key technologies leaking to competitors.

Similarly, policies to promote continuous technological innovation and industrial upgrading can increase productivity. And measures that increase domestic research capacity for example, by strengthening protection of intellectual property rights can nurture innovation.

But, with competition in the global supply chain fiercer than ever, China will need more than capital transfer to achieve high income status. It will need policies and mechanisms that encourage and guide technological and industrial upgrading.

C. Slum Upgrading Facility

Actions by Governments in developing countries which could serve to mitigate the adverse effects of liberalization of distribution services could include continuous training, support in technological upgrading and retraining of those displaced (and if possible, provision of unemployment benefits).

On some counts it is about greater competition improving efficiency. On others it is more about the advantages of market size, whether through specialization gains from a more intricate division of labour, technological upgrading or a minimum scale of production.

Tangible steps taken in this direction are the slum upgrading initiatives in Eastern Africa, including the Kenya slum upgrading programme.

We stress the importance of strengthening the knowledge and, scientific and technological capacities of developing countries, including the requisite upgrading of their human resources as a vital condition for attaining sustainable development and commit to promote and strengthen our cooperation in this regard.

Upgrading traditional economic sectors though enhanced productivity

(e) Upgrading of outdated systems and technology.

(v) Ensure that adequate funding is allocated for the infrastructure for science and technology development, taking into account national needs for technological upgrading and development and providing a favourable working environment for scientists and researchers to attract and keep them in their home countries

In order to exploit its latecomer advantage, China must deepen its reforms and eliminate its economy s residual distortions. Meanwhile, the government should play a proactive role in overcoming the market failures such as externalities and coordination problems that are certain to accompany technological innovation and industrial upgrading.

It is industry more than any other productive sector that provides a breeding ground for entrepreneurship, promotes business investment, fosters technological upgrading and dynamism, improves human skills and creates skilled jobs, and through inter sectoral linkages establishes the foundation for both agriculture and services to expand.

In its obvious attempt to bring the Cuban people to its knees through hunger, from July 2004 to April 2005 the embargo cost the food industry an estimated 55,863,957, an amount that would be sufficient to guarantee the technological upgrading of approximately one third of the industry.

Technological Cooperation

g) Others, for example construction or upgrading of warehouses.

By contrast, Li seems intent on returning power to local governments and the market, transforming vertical control into horizontal coordination. Thus, instead of trying to control technological and industrial upgrading with central mandates, Li is giving local governments and the market the space to drive China s economic transformation.

If not, one or the other needs upgrading, isn't it?

Infrastructure development provides not only the foundation for technological activities but also opportunities for technological learning.

Scientific and Technological Advice

Scientific and Technological Advice

Scientific and Technological Advice

Infrastructure development provides not only the foundation for technological activities, but also the opportunity for technological learning.

The technology diffusion and support programme for small scale industries to develop and implement sector technology upgrading projects in India and establish a new international mechanism for technology diffusion and transfer of best international practices in managing technological change at the level of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in other developing countries

They are constantly upgrading, and in a few cases, the government helps.

Slum upgrading provides a unique opportunity for attaining the Millennium Development Goals.

Poverty reduction policies needed to focus on job creation and upgrading skills.

a) Expansion, upgrading and major rehabilitation of primary education and health infrastructure

Upgrading Women's Studies Centres at five major universities to full fledged departments.

Infrastructure projects and technological learning

General and Technological Vocational Tracks

By contrast, technologies and existing industries in developing countries are in general well within the global frontier. As a result, they benefit from the latecomer s advantage technological innovation and industrial upgrading can be achieved by imitation, import, and or integration of existing technologies and industries, all of which implies much lower R D costs.

The initiative Technology Transfer Assessing Needs Promoting Action to strengthen the institutional capacity of participating countries in assessing technological capabilities at national, sectoral and enterprise levels, and to assist counterparts in the development of capability based technology upgrading programmes at national and sectoral levels, facilitating enterprise level technology needs matchmaking for techno economic cooperation.

(e) Upgrading, pursuant to the managerial responsibilities of the Secretary General, the technological capacity in conference services in line with new developments in technology, in accordance with legislative mandates, while keeping the General Assembly aware of new technologies that can be used in the Organization to achieve timeliness and better quality of services provided

(c) Upgrading, pursuant to the managerial responsibilities of the Secretary General, the technological capacity in conference services in line with new developments in technology, in accordance with legislative mandates, while keeping the General Assembly aware of new technologies that can be used in the Organization to achieve timeliness and better quality of services provided.

(c) Upgrading, pursuant to the managerial responsibilities of the Secretary General, the technological capacity in conference services in line with new developments in technology, in accordance with legislative mandates, while keeping the General Assembly aware of new technologies that can be used in the Organization to achieve timeliness and better quality of services provided.

Urban development promoting jobs, upgrading slums and developing alternatives to new slum formation

It's a human and technological revolution.

OSCE works to implement its Maastricht decision on upgrading travel documents security through promoting ICAO security standards for the handling and issuance of passports, upgrading to machine readable travel documents and introducing into them biometric identifiers.