(a) Export credit insurance UNCTAD should support the spread of export credit insurance facilities in the developing world.

Association of Export Credit Insurance Organizations

DAKAR Association of Export Credit UNION Insurance Organizations .

1992 Investment and Export Credit Conference Regional Binding Adopted

This trend is evident in a number of product areas, particularly export credit insurance, export finance guarantees, export factoring and leasing (domestic and cross border).

Indicators that would inform on the different types of products available include a census of products offered (e.g. letters of credit, forward exchange contracts, pre or post shipment finance), types of insurance products available (export credit insurance), government export credit guarantees, etc.

OECD, Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member and Non Member Countries, 2002 Supplement.

ICTs enabled finance tools include credit or payment cards for export financing or short term working capital.

A network of export credit agencies, efficient payment and credit guarantee arrangements, and local banks supporting trade capacity building institutions are a few options that may be considered.

International financial institutions and export credit agencies may also play a significant role in privately financed infrastructure projects.

In connection with trade and financing for development, UNCTAD is to publish a survey on export credit agencies.

The President may direct the Export Import Bank of the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in the extension of credit in connection with the export of any goods or services to any sanctioned person

In the area of export competition, since the essential structure has been in place with regard to the commitment to total elimination of export subsidies by a specific date, negotiations have focused on parallel commitments in respect of subsidy elements in export credit, food aid and State trading enterprises.

Players that would be interviewed for this sector include the central bank, export import banks (when applicable), local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the country, brokers (insurance) and the Trade Department (if offering export credit guarantee schemes).

Credit Where Credit is Due

Particular attention to wages, working conditions, job security, participation in decision making, women's ability to export services, and access to credit and information and communication technologies is required.

41. It was suggested that export credit agencies and bilateral aid and financing agencies should be mentioned among the financing institutions referred to in paragraphs 54 to 56.

In May 2004, UNCTAD was instrumental in the creation of the African Export Credit Insurers' Association, and the adherence to this association of the membership of the Dakar Union.

Malaysia offers a number of facilities such as a fund for OFDI, export credit insurance and guarantee schemes, overseas project financing and the Malaysia Singapore Third Country Business Development Fund.

Higher energy costs (owing to increases in both excise taxes and electricity rates), credit bottlenecks, specialization in stagnant export markets, and generalized policy uncertainty all seem to have played a role. As a result, Greek export prices have not come down nearly as much as wages.

Credit

Credit

The EXIM Bank provides credits to overseas investments through the Overseas Investment Facility, and an Overseas Investment Insurance scheme is run by the Malaysia Export Credit Insurance Berhad to cover political risks.

However, as we enter CAFTA DR, the credit rating and export promotion agencies of the developed countries have assigned us a risk rating less favourable than what we consider it should be.

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(c) Export factoring and leasing UNCTAD s role would be similar to that recommended for credit insurance providing support at the government policy level as well as promoting individual leasing initiatives in developing countries

Unfreezing Credit

Rural Credit

Financial Credit

Credit Card

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In good conscience, I must give credit where credit is due.

Africa's problems in that area, including structural constraints such as dependency on a limited number of export commodities and limited access for farmers to credit, needed to be urgently addressed in a holistic manner.

For some categories of risks, such as political risks, the project may require guarantees provided by international financial institutions, such as the World Bank or the International Financial Corporation, or by export credit agencies.

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