But that approach, too, might have a downside. Consider Spain, where too much fiscal decentralization to regional governments contributed significantly to weakening otherwise strong public finances.

The main conditions for success of decentralization include secure tenure and secure fiscal, revenue and taxation power, as well as control over decision making, resources, products and markets.

Decentralization ___________

Conflicts, confusion, and failure to achieve decentralization objectives have characterized many decentralization efforts.6

The effective implementation of forest sector decentralization may depend on a basic national consensus regarding decentralization in general.

Regardless of the underlying motivation for decentralization, decentralization processes must be financially sound to be sustainable over the long term.

Ensuring effective decentralization and community choice

The current trend is toward decentralization.

Annex B Definitions of Decentralization Concepts

The Decentralization and Deconcentration Support Programme.

In the 1990 s, Zhu s core mission was to address the consequences of former Premier Zhao Ziyang s flawed fiscal decentralization efforts. By pursuing fiscal reform one sector at a time, Zhao left room for local governments to form alliances with SOEs, which provided subsidies to local bodies and enabled them to withhold income from the central government.

The Workshop distinguished between democratic decentralization and administrative decentralization, agreeing that the former was more likely to lead to beneficial outcomes.

10. Underlines with concern the fact that key commitments remain outstanding in the areas of fiscal, judicial, military, electoral and land reform, as well as decentralization and rural development, and therefore urges that those commitments be implemented without further delay

Indonesia Decentralization in Forestry Indonesia's Experience (Siswanto)

To derive the lessons learned from countries that had implemented decentralization for use, where appropriate, by other countries in the process of decentralization.

10. Underlines with concern that key reforms envisaged in the peace agreements remain outstanding, including the fiscal, judicial, military, electoral and land reforms, as well as decentralization and rural development, and therefore urges the finalization of the Fiscal Pact, notes the need to strengthen the institutions established under the agreements, and stresses the importance of continued compliance with the peace agreements

Decentralization will benefit the population as a whole.

Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization

Most nation states maintain national currencies, and must therefore pursue fiscal and economic policies that support a monetary union. As the eurozone crisis has starkly reminded us, decentralization cannot extend too far into the budgetary sphere, lest it threaten the common currency s survival.

Decentralization of authority, responsibility, finances and accountability, in various forms, is occurring around the world.1 An estimated 60 countries are now undergoing decentralization processes.

Fiscal Challenges and Fiscal Follies

(d) Decentralization and devolution of authority to local levels

A more gradual process towards decentralization is recommended.9

However, this formal decentralization process has not worked seamlessly.

Decentralization is a tool as well as a process.

Bolivia Decentralization in Bolivia Who Benefits and Why? (Pacheco)

Ghana has a long history of decentralization and re centralization.

Filippidou, Aspasia, Department of Social Participation, Decentralization and Regional Development

Papadopoulou, Vasiliki, Department of Social Participation, Decentralization and Regional Development

To share the experience of countries that had decentralized their forestry systems some time ago with countries currently undergoing rapid processes of decentralization, including the transitional aspects of decentralization.

Decentralization processes and the achievement of an appropriate balance between centralization and decentralization of forest related decision making and management are key to making progress toward sustainable forest management.

We also expect concrete, decisive progress in the area of decentralization.

There is also a need for education of youth in decentralization.

The economic costs and benefits of decentralization are not well quantified.

There are limitations of decentralization with respect to formal protected areas.

7 Morell on FAO Experience in Decentralization in the Forest Sector.

However Ribot argues that privatization is not a form of decentralization.

Further recalling the establishment of the informal advisory group on decentralization,

The resolution could constitute an important building block in UNIDO's decentralization.

That factor should be taken into account in the decentralization process.

The country's administrative system is based on centralization, devolution and decentralization.

Tailoring decentralization efforts to local contexts is a key element towards success.

Restructuring (e.g. creation elimination merger within and between government departments decentralization, etc.) ___________

The decentralization policy will target the district (prefecture) to make it operational.

And here was the clincher By committing themselves to fiscal tightening, finance ministers gave themselves scope for some fiscal loosening. Proclaiming fiscal virtue enabled them to practice fiscal vice.