With an unemployment rate of 8.5 , a labor force participation rate of only 64 , and stagnant real wages, labor income has fallen to an historic low of 44 of national income. And labor income is the most important component of household earnings, the major driver of consumption spending.

In the absence of large scale immigration, to which Japanese remain unamenable, one relatively simple solution would be to integrate more women into the labor force. A 10 increase in Japan s female labor force participation rate an entirely attainable goal would translate into an almost 5 gain in total labor force participation.

In recent years, the rate of women receiving this payment has decreased moderately, mostly due to changes in the rate of women's participation in the labor market whilst in their fertility phase.

Labor force participation will be key to shaping this environment. As it stands, the low official unemployment rate can be explained partly by declining participation rates, especially among workers aged 25 54.

Moreover, the decline in unemployment largely reflects persistently grim labor market conditions, which have discouraged many workers from remaining in the labor force. If the labor force participation rate was 66 , as it was in early 2008, rather than 62.8 , as it was in December 2013, the unemployment rate would be just over 11 , not 6.7 .

the level of participation in the labor force

Many Puerto Ricans, unable to find jobs on the island, have migrated to the mainland, with the population and labor force estimated to be shrinking at a rate of 1.5 this year. Moreover, Puerto Rico s labor force participation rate is under 40 , compared to 62 on the mainland.

Women who have completed secondary or tertiary education are more likely to enter and remain in the labor market than their less educated counterparts. The labor participation rate for women with post secondary education is 64 , far exceeding the 35 rate for those with only a primary or middle school education.

Based on these trends and assuming a constant labor participation rate China s potential growth rate over the next decade is likely to hover around 6.9 7.6 , averaging 7.27 . This may be much lower than the 9.4 average growth rate in 1988 2013, but it is more than adequate by global standards.

Likewise, labor market reform, improved education, and enhanced human capital could contribute an additional 4 to GDP growth in the next decade. Moreover, Italian policymakers should strive to boost the female labor force participation rate, which, at 49 , is one of the lowest in the OECD.

The unemployment rate has dropped to 5 , just above the Fed s current median estimate for the non accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). While the true NAIRU level is probably lower, and we are likely witnessing a secular decline in the workforce participation rate, the US labor market should still tighten in 2016.

According to OECD data, only 55 of South Korean women aged 15 64 are in the labor force, compared to an average of 65 in the advanced economies. South Korea s male labor force participation rate, by contrast, stands at about 77 close to the OECD average of 79 .

South Korea s female labor force participation rate is even lower than in Japan, where there are waiting lists for childcare. Moreover, South Korea has underinvested in day care centers, with firms rarely offering childcare support.

A concomitant feature of South Korea s labor market is that women s labor force participation rate a paltry 33 for women aged 30 39 is among the lowest in the OECD. This partly reflects the difficulty of balancing child rearing with work in South Korea, compared to, say, Europe or the US.

Between ages 55 and 60 men's participation rate is 75.3 , while participation among women is only 43 .

Although large scale migration from labor surplus regions to deficit regions would benefit recipient economies, it would almost certainly trigger popular resistance, especially in Europe and East Asia, making it difficult to support. Increasing the labor force participation rate, especially among women and the elderly, might ease tight labor markets, but this alone would be insufficient to counter the decline in working age populations.

In the 35 39 age group, men have a participation rate of 93.6 and women a rate of 80.1 .

During the last years, there has been an increase in female labor participation in the labor market is one of the main changes in this field in Brazil.

Despite these measures, however, participation of men has never exceeded 30 rate.

19.1 The rate of participation of young girls in the labour market.

The efforts aimed at improving the training participation rate must therefore continue.

The highest level of labor force participation for both genders is in the 25 34 age group.

The problem stems from how unemployment is measured The adult unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals in the labor force. So if the labor force comprises 200 workers, and 20 are unemployed, the unemployment rate is 10 .

Moreover, both the short term and long term unemployment rates underestimate the slack in the labor market caused by the significant and sustained decline in the labor force participation rate (LFPR) since the recession began. In 2007, 66 of Americans were working or actively seeking work today, that number stands at 63 , the lowest level since 1977.

For example, labor force participation, which usually stops falling and starts rising after the business cycle trough, has been steadily declining over the past two and a half years. At least some monetary policymakers believe that recent reductions in the US unemployment rate, which have largely resulted from falling labor force participation, are just as valid a reason for shifting to more austere policies as reductions in unemployment that reflect increases in employment.

The instruments dealing with maritime safety (8 and 9) have the lowest participation rate.

The political participation rate of women is one of the lowest in the world.

The unemployment rate remains about two percentage points higher than what most economists consider consistent with a full recovery, and the labor force participation rate is hovering near historic lows. The economy is still operating far below its potential GDP is about 6 below what the economy is capable of producing at full capacity without higher inflation.

Labor force participation in the US has fallen to levels not seen since women began entering the labor market in large numbers. Most Americans income and wealth are below their levels long before the crisis.

A number of factors may be responsible for the relatively low female labour force participation rate.

The higher the level of schooling, the higher the rate of participation in the labour market.

Moreover, technological change and globalization have reduced the share of middle skill jobs in overall employment, while the share of lower skill jobs has increased. These trends, along with a falling labor force participation rate during the last decade, explain the stagnation of middle class incomes.

Universal anti terrorism instruments relating to terrorist bombings (10 and 11) have a below average participation rate.

Registered unemployment rate among women, employment rate among women (as a part of total female population), economically active women rate, women's participation in executive authority, and ratio between men and women aged over 15 in literacy.

The Fed could argue that the gap between current and full employment GDP is larger than the 6.1 unemployment rate implies, owing to the large number of part time workers who would prefer full time employment and the sharp decline in the labor force participation rate. If the GDP gap is 4 , as a recent Congressional Budget Office estimate implied, the Taylor rule would indicate an optimal federal funds rate of about 1.25 (2 1.5 0.25 2), compared to the current rate of only 0.1 .

These raw figures on job losses, bad as they are, actually understate the weakness in world labor markets. If you include partially employed workers and discouraged workers who left the US labor force, for example, the unemployment rate is already 16.5 .

Labor markets have tightened significantly, with the overall unemployment rate down to 5.4 . The unemployment rate among those who have been unemployed for less than six months a key indicator of inflation pressure is down to 3.8 .

The figure for monthly job creation, for example, is distorted by the growing importance of part time employment, and it fails to convey the reality of stagnant earnings. Meanwhile, the headline unemployment rate does not reflect the growing number of Americans who have left the work force a phenomenon vividly reflected by the decline in the labor participation rate to just 63.2 , a 35 year low.

In addition, men's decreasing participation in the Israeli labor force has aggravated in 2002 2003 and reflects the despair of those searching for employment.

European unemployment, for example, appears to be half again as high as in the US. Labor force participation is lower and a substantial part of that lower labor force participation is not the result of untrammeled choice but of discouraged workers and institutions that make it very difficult for households that have every adult at work.

Between 1984 and 2002, its participation in international trade had increased at an average annual rate of only 4.6 per cent compared with a global rate of 7.5 per cent.

From 1992 to 2011, labor productivity grew at an average annual rate of 0.9 , the lowest in the OECD. Since 2001, unit labor costs have been growing faster than real GDP and employment, undermining the economy s competitiveness vis à vis developing countries.

Moreover, though the US unemployment rate has fallen, this largely reflects an alarming decline in labor force participation, with more than 6.5 million Americans since 2006 having given up looking for work. At the same time, while consumer confidence is on the mend, it remains well below pre crisis readings.

The annual average Ontario labour force participation rate of 68.4 percent in 2003 was the highest level since 1991.

During the last two decades, there was an increase in Arab women's participation in the labor force, from 11 in 1980 to 14.8 in 2002.