(g) Regulatory and or economic instruments may be used where appropriate.

The OECD has also adopted instruments dealing with competition promoting regulatory reform.

A good regulatory framework, including enforcement measures, needs to be established in order to develop a capital market.

The Act also included regulatory measures over banks and non bank financial institutions in compliance with relevant international instruments.

(a) Promote an economic and regulatory climate that is conducive to inward remittances and to capital inflows, in general.

Basel II also recommends a new, more differentiated and stricter regulatory capital criterion for various types of such ratings.

They stressed that a sound regulatory framework had to be in place to complement the opening of a capital account.

The implication is clear Central banks should focus on developing more effective macro prudential instruments. They should widen the regulatory perimeter that is, they should work to bring nonbank financial institutions under their regulatory umbrella.

The pro cyclical boom bust cycles of private capital inflows and outflows underscore the need for developing market institutions and instruments that encourage more stable capital flows.

We note that success has been made in terms of implementing regulatory and operational instruments on the protection of children in armed conflict.

The obstacles to be overcome related to non availability of capital and expertise, regulatory constraints and inadequacies in telecommunication and information systems technology.

However, to be effective and remain predictable, market based instruments require an adequate regulatory framework.For more information in this regard, see S. Smith and H.B. Vos, Evaluating Economic Instruments for Environmental Policy, OECD, Paris, 1997.

States parties to the relevant international instruments, like the GPA and NAFTA, are bound by requirements on transparency of procurement related regulatory texts that may be broader than those applicable domestically to the public disclosure of other regulatory texts.

To the extent that such binding instruments of international organizations constitute international law, they expand and complement the existing regulatory framework at the national level.

Governments had some role to play in such matching exercises, particularly by providing a predictable regulatory environment, access to international capital markets, and the appropriate infrastructure.

Moreover, if financial institutions follow their own risk assessments when estimating appropriate capital cushions, the costs associated with such provisions decline. Better repayment prospects and lower regulatory capital costs then fuel the asset based financing of further acquisition of assets.

Capital buffers to absorb losses during the downturn of the cycle can be more easily built during the upswing. Furthermore, by raising regulatory capital costs in boom times, some counterweight to the pro cyclical bias intrinsic to financial systems would be introduced.

Regulatory issues

Regulatory action

We need a democratically legitimized world finance organization, equipped with the necessary regulatory instruments, which would supervise major global financial institutions. This organization should also have authority to create conditions for greater transparency, and to implement better early warning systems and instruments for crisis management.

The continual decline of tariff rates as a result of eight multilateral trade negotiations has raised the relative importance of NTBs in terms of both protection and regulatory trade instruments.

Other regulatory controls

Disabling regulatory policies.

C. Regulatory environment

1. Regulatory activities

Some of these affect directly the supply of such services, such as the general unavailability of financial capital or insurance capacity or regulatory constraints or State monopolies of certain financial products.

14. Invites the International Monetary Fund to facilitate the dialogue among relevant actors to consider the possibility of establishing a regulatory framework for short term capital flows and trade in currencies

In principle, the answer is straightforward. If a central bank has two policy targets, then it needs two instruments monetary policy to influence aggregate demand, and regulatory policy to limit financial risks.

Bearing in mind the importance of microfinance instruments such as credit, savings and related business services in providing access to capital for people living in poverty,

Bearing in mind the importance of microfinance instruments such as credit, savings and related business services in providing access to capital for people living in poverty,

Institutional challenges such as capital controls, regulatory burden, problems in accessing foreign exchange and the lack of institutional infrastructure for OFDI support services are factors that have restricted developing country firms' internationalization.

There had been a wave of privatizations, unconditional opening to foreign markets, elimination of restrictions on the movement of capital and abolition of the regulatory powers of the State in the economy.

China Insurance Regulatory Commission

China Securities Regulatory Commission

Legal and regulatory environment3

Regulatory and control framework

A. General regulatory considerations

Supervisory and regulatory arrangements

Moreover, credit rating agencies had serious conflicts of interest, because they received fees from the managers of these instruments. Regulators sat on their hands, as the US regulatory philosophy was free market fundamentalism.

The continual decline of tariff rates as the result of eight GATT rounds of multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs) has increased the relative importance of NTBs both as protection and as regulatory trade instruments.

20. Reiterates its invitation to the International Monetary Fund to facilitate the dialogue among relevant actors to consider the possibility of establishing regulatory frameworks for short term capital flows and trade in currencies

On the tradable side, competitiveness depends not only on human capital, but also on a host of other factors infrastructure, tax systems, regulatory efficiency, policy induced uncertainty, and energy and health care costs.

Fourth, regulatory structures will need to be rebuilt, and this will require a global effort. Absent international coordination, the opportunities for destructive regulatory competition will defeat regulatory reform.

Bearing in mind the importance of microfinance instruments, such as credit, savings and other financial products and services, in providing access to capital for people living in poverty,

Bearing in mind the importance of microfinance instruments, such as credit, savings and other financial products and services, in providing access to capital for people living in poverty,