The National Collective Labour Agreement of the years 2002 2003 has established the following

Foreign employees who are subject to a collective agreement are in principle required to participate in labour market pension schemes based on collective agreements.

To demand compliance with the collective labour agreement or the model agreement in the establishment or establishments in which it has been violated

(c) Contents of collective labour contracts.

The Inter Trade Collective Agreement

In fact, the previous Labour Law prohibited independent labour unions and collective bargaining.

(a) Revision of the Framework Collective Agreement

In order to enter into force, the collective agreement (and its eventual amendments) have to be confirmed by the Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.

(b) Promoted contracts are to be executed through collective labour agreements.

89. Collective bargaining is regulated in chapter IV of the Labour Code.

While the Labour Law stimulates flexible adjustments in the labour market, strict collective contracts continue to be rigorous and disable job creation.

Under article 134 of the Labour Code, quot remuneration of workers of all categories shall be determined, either by direct agreement of the parties, or by way of collective agreement complying with the statutory minimum provided for by the legislation in force. quot

It also states that Any provision to the contrary in a collective labour agreement entered into or renewed after the date of entry into force of this Act shall be null and void .

48. The collective agreement must provide for the payment of the above mentioned wage components and observe the principles for granting them determined in the Labour Code (and in other Acts of Parliament).

A collective labour contract shall not include clauses counteracting the imperative provisions of the law (art. 50, para. 1, of the Labour Code)

(c) To work for the harmonization of labour legislations and collective bargaining in member countries

Labour shall be regulated on the basis of an employment agreement (contract) in accordance with labour legislation.

This collective agreement and its two amending additional agreements have contributed to the development of labour legislation on a number of questions such as the right to organize, discipline, and staff representation in enterprises.

34. New guarantees for the exercise of the right to work have been created by means of restoring collective bargaining as a second level regulation of labour relations (normative act collective labour contract agreement between the parties on individual employment relations), which establishes more favourable conditions of work and employment relations for workers and office employees than those defined in the normative acts of the State (arts. 50 59 of the Labour Code).

In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to the Labour Law provisions, the lowest salary is determined by collective contracts and labour regulations.

It is given broad scope because the Labour Code provisions establish only minimum standards for protection of the work of workers and employees, whereas collective bargaining and concluding collective labour contracts can settle all questions related to labour and social security relations which are not subject to the operative provisions of the law (art. 50 of the Labour Code).

The list of offences is the same as that adopted by the social partners in collective agreements (art. 37 of the Framework Collective Agreement as modified by the additional agreement of 15 October 1992).

47. The agreement should observe the provisions of the Labour Code.

A collective labour agreement is an agreement concluded between one or more workers' unions and one or more employers, or one or more unions of employers, with a view to establishing the conditions under which work is to be performed in one or more enterprises or establishments.

The Labour Code and the Framework Collective Agreement, like the SGPE, have also established specific measures for women aimed at reconciling their social role as mothers with their role in working life as agents of development.

The Committee further notes that the collective agreement at issue in the instant case is regulated by law and does not enter into force except on confirmation by the Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.

The young person hired is paid the wage specified for the occupational category corresponding to his or her post by the collective labour agreement governing the branch of industry in which he or she is working.

(a) To negotiate with a representative trade union for the conclusion of a collective labour contract (art. 52, para. 1, item 1, of the Labour Code)

New collective agreements concluded thanks to these negotiations will be the main source of the labour law.

The right to food, adequate housing, health, education, access to gainful employment, respect for international labour standards (including freedom of association and collective bargaining in the area of labour, freedom from discrimination in labour, elimination of forced labour and child labour) are all linked to poverty eradication.

During this period alone, new labour market pension schemes for about 650,000 people were created under collective agreements.

One reason seems to be the lack of any tradition of labour organizing and collective bargaining in Cambodia.

5.2 As regards the State party apos s claim that it had no influence over the contents of the collective agreement, the author explains that the collective agreement in the present case is a special type of agreement and qualifies as a legislative decree under Austrian law.

Under the collective agreement the employer establishes labour, social and household services at its own expense for working mothers, as well as fathers and guardians who bring up children alone in addition to relieves prescribed by legal acts.

The right to food, adequate housing, health, eradication of extreme poverty and respect for international labour standards (including freedom of association and collective bargaining in the area of labour, freedom from discrimination in labour, elimination of forced labour and exploitive child labour) are also subject to inter agency cooperation.

The Committee noted that under section 41(2) of the Labour Proclamation wages shall be determined by the contracting parties, but that they may not be less than the minimum wages fixed by a collective agreement in an undertaking.

To obtain from the employer or employers the conclusion of a collective labour agreement and to secure its revision at the end of its period of validity, in accordance with the provisions contained in Chapter III of Title VII

However, the collective agreement will be free to determine the amount of these components of pay at a higher level than provided in the Labour Code and to determine principles for granting them that are more advantageous for the worker than the principles determined in the Labour Code or other statutory acts.

In the opinion of the Court, the parties to a collective agreement are free under federal labour law to include provisions stipulating different pension computation treatment of active and retired employees or even norms creating conditions to the disadvantage of retirees.

A collective labour contract shall not contain clauses which are less favourable for workers and employees than those established by the law (art. 50, para. 2, of the Labour Code).

For this reason they can resort to voluntary means of resolving collective labour disputes, such as direct and immediate negotiations, negotiations through intermediaries, voluntary labour arbitration, means of public pressure.

That is recognized in our Constitution and in International Labour Organization (ILO) Agreement 169.

Many national civil services, including the comparator, provided for family leave through either legislation or collective agreement.

These agreements may be part of collective agreements and thus pertain to certain trades or professions on the labour market.

6.3 The State party reiterates that since a collective agreement is a contract under private law, which is concluded outside the sphere of influence of the State, article 26 of the Covenant is not applicable to the provisions of the collective agreement.