This external dependence increases their vulnerability to external economic threats and shocks.

Debt sustainability is also affected by vulnerability to external shocks.

Sound national policies are also essential for cushioning external shocks.

Means of recovery from natural environmental disasters and external economic shocks

28. Vulnerability to external shocks and remoteness from the rest of the world.

Several participants pointed out that many developing countries remained vulnerable to external economic shocks.

Globalization has increased the vulnerability of the developing and transition economies to adverse external shocks.

Successful coordination in fiscal and monetary affairs would enable the region to manage external shocks successfully.

The high exposure and vulnerability of the economy to external shocks continue to reveal major structural weaknesses.

However, economic growth and expectations are constantly threatened by inappropriate macroeconomic policies, poor economic management and external shocks.

Its imports are therefore particularly sensitive to external shocks and the resulting deterioration in the terms of trade.

Culture is a major source of protection for small island developing States to absorb the external shocks of globalization.

Nevertheless, they still face substantial difficulties in participating in services trade, and their exports are particularly vulnerable to external shocks.

That Committee rightly considered lack of economic diversification as an indicator of the exposure to shocks and recognized that small countries tended to be more vulnerable to external shocks than large ones (E 2005 33, paras.

The one sided relationship also left the Palestinian economy vulnerable to external shocks, such as civil unrest, curfews, Israeli recessions and closures.

Many countries therefore view the development of local currency bond markets to be an important policy priority that reduces vulnerability to external shocks.

The Government introduced the Strategic Country Programme 2002 03 aimed at diversifying the economy and preparing it to reduce vulnerability to external shocks.

H. Implications of macroeconomic policy, external shocks and social protection systems for poverty, inequality and social vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean

Some participants indicated the need for creating in IMF a low conditionality facility to help developing countries handle external shocks with less strenuous adjustments.

Pacific island countries were particularly vulnerable to external economic environmental shocks because of their small size, isolation, location and the openness of their economies.

Official development assistance remains the main source of external finance for the least developed countries because of their limited capability to raise domestic resources, high vulnerability to external economic shocks and acute susceptibility to natural disasters.

It placed special emphasis on SMEs, which accounted for about 80 per cent of Indonesia's economy and had proved to be resistant to external shocks.

Germany s Five Shocks

(b) Electric shocks

Most such countries were dependent on only a few commodities, which exposed them to external shocks produced by international price fluctuations and a decline in terms of trade.

The reasons for the increase in post HIPC initiative debt burdens in the majority of countries are well known and include both external shocks and poor macroeconomic management.

While economic contractions or expansions may be triggered by external shocks, the magnitude and duration of either is determined by the soundness of economic policy and the efficacy of institutions.

In the current crisis, China, India, and certain other emerging market countries are coping fairly well. These countries all had strong external balance sheets and ample room for fiscal maneuver before the crisis, which allowed them to apply countercyclical policies to combat external shocks.

The most immediate challenge is to safeguard the financial system s stability against external shocks. Policy reform should aim to promote market transparency, improve risk management, and strengthen effective supervision and regulations.

Regression equation of income shocks

Another, more plausible theory is that over the past fifteen years there have been various external challenges or shocks that have hit the country simultaneously. Rigid as it was, with an extensive welfare system and an over regulated labor market, Germany was unable to react to these shocks and ran into trouble.

No one can guarantee that Prime Minister Li Keqiang s attempts to achieve deleveraging and structural reform will succeed. Moreover, external shocks, policy mistakes, and political instability could disrupt even the best laid plans.

ECLAC and UNDP recently joined forces to develop instruments to approximate the impact of macroeconomic and external shocks on labour and household incomes through the use of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model.

Formidable challenges lie ahead, however, since the impact of past internal and external disequilibria and the vulnerability of the countries of the region to external shocks are expected to carry over into the future, thus reducing their manoeuvering room for the implementation of countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies.

(e) Establishment of a virtual community of knowledge to share experiences and lessons learned in the areas of macroeconomic policy, external shocks and social protection systems in relation to poverty, inequality and social vulnerability

The IMF Compensatory Financing Facility could also provide a buffer against export revenue shortfalls in the least developed countries resulting from external shocks, provided that the Facility was made available on a concessional basis.

The torture included beatings and electric shocks.

Economic development is a convoluted process, full of challenges and risks, successes and failures, external shocks and internal volatility. And adverse effects such as a rising debt to GDP ratio and excess capacity are inevitable.

Small island developing countries, including Tonga, face many unique challenges because of our small populations, remoteness and dispersed locations, narrow resource endowment and vulnerability to external shocks, including from international market fluctuations and natural disasters.

When one considers the evidence about external economic shocks over the past year or two, what emerges are stories whose precise significance is unknowable. We only know that most of us have heard them many times.

However, what happens in the interface between external shocks and economic activities or why the quantity of effective or nationally retained savings falls when oil revenues rise cannot be explained by the lack of political stability.

Two external shocks first from the US, and now from Europe have transformed the Four Uns into an action plan. Overly dependent on external demand from crisis battered developed economies, China has adopted the pro consumption 12th Five Year Plan, which lays out a powerful rebalancing strategy that should drive development for decades.

Following the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990 s, emerging economies began to accumulate massive foreign exchange reserves to protect themselves against the risks of external over indebtedness. In fact, they amassed far more than they needed 6.5 trillion, at last count effectively becoming over insured against external balance of payments shocks.

Adjustment, support to trade and trade related shocks

Chile was hit hard by the 2008 2009 financial crisis foreign loans vanished and the price of copper, Chile s main export, collapsed. But this time around, the Chilean economy was in shape to withstand massive external shocks.