Or public spending all European leaders adamantly want to reduce government spending. But these same leaders, including that supposedly stern mistress of the budget Angela Merkel, were arguing less than two years ago that public spending would provide a Keynesian way out of the crisis.

Public spending patterns

PUBLIC SPENDING ON HEALTH

Stability of social spending is crucial, inasmuch as instability and fluctuations reduce the efficiency of social spending.

Canada has been restructuring government spending to reduce its debt.

Public spending on education ( of GDP) 3.0 1.9

New taxes were enacted to fund public spending.

This in turn had made it possible to increase recurrent public spending in public services.

They imperil public spending on education, health and collective social services.

After all, not a single one of its proposals to reduce budget spending was approved last year.

In Pakistan both the public and private spending on health is low.

Focus public diplomacy messages to reduce terrorist recruitment and support.

Nor do Keynesians think through the kinds of public investments that are needed for them, spending is spending. The result is a public sector vacuum and a dearth of public investments, which in turn holds back necessary private sector investment.

From this distinction follows an important fiscal rule governments current spending should normally be balanced by taxation. To this extent, efforts nowadays to reduce deficits on current spending are justified, but only if they are fully replaced by capital spending programs.

Cut public sector spending directly, while creating incentives to induce lower private sector expenditure.

Turkey s fiscal position deteriorated sharply in 1997, as a result of high public spending.

The loss of potential public revenue from forests can in turn reduce funding for other public sector investments.

Fiscal consolidation means less public spending. And less spending means less upward pressure on prices which is the last thing Europe needs in a deflationary environment.

Health spending Health spending Spending

To avoid this outcome, Germany needs to adopt policies fiscal stimulus, higher spending on infrastructure and public investment, and more rapid wage growth that would boost domestic spending and reduce the country s external surplus. Unless, and until, Germany moves in this direction, no one should bet the farm on a more robust and sustained eurozone recovery.

And one of the first victims of difficult economic times, I think, is public spending of any kind, but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science, and particularly curiosity led science and exploration.

Beyond improving public accounts, a large part of the revenues from high commodity prices were used to increase public spending, although this proportion varied from country to country. At one extreme stands Argentina, with the largest increase in public spending relative to GDP in Latin America (almost ten points).

Given that the world has surpassed the 1 trillion mark in global defence spending, obstacles to reallocating defence spending are all the more challenging to overcome, as are efforts to address ways to reduce armed conflict and violence.

I understand Governments apos constraints, especially when in many countries budgets are reduced and public spending is curtailed.

I understand governments apos constraints, especially when in many countries budgets are reduced and public spending is curtailed.

Work together to focus outreach and public diplomacy messages to reduce terrorist recruitment and support.

As a result, if the price of soy continues to fall, subsidies a source of corruption and patronage will be an increasingly heavy burden for public spending. According to unofficial figures, subsidies already represent 5 of GDP, and only painful adjustments can reduce them.

In that way, we can make investment and social spending sustainable in the medium and long term and thereby reduce our dependence on external resources.

Representatives of the Bretton Woods institutions have repeatedly stressed the effectiveness of the control of public spending in Burundi.

Progress in this field has been significant there are agreements with Chile, Colombia and Ecuador to craft and implement standardized methodologies to reduce our military spending.

New policies are tending to reduce government spending on social sector programmes, and if not counterbalanced, these policies could lead to detrimental effects on health status.

The 2004 2005 budget revealed a greater public spending on social initiatives associated with senior citizens and affordable housing.20

Fiscal policy reflects the commitment gradually to reduce public deficits to arrive at a budget in balance.

But the growth fillip from public sector infrastructure spending can only be modest. Increasing infrastructure spending by a quarter, which would represent a huge administrative effort, would lift GDP growth by just 0.4 percentage points.

Of course, in the West, an investment plan invites criticism from those who prefer that we do nothing but talk about growth strategies. Indeed, critics argue that raising public investment conflicts with the drive to reduce deficits, and warn of higher interest rates on the back of further spending.

China successfully navigated the crisis, avoiding a significant slowdown, by ramping up public spending. But, as a result, it now has no further scope for increasing public consumption or investment.

Government spending in the social sector had focused on education, public health and basic services such as drinking water and electricity.

The Ministry of Health's Public Health Services initiated a project to reduce infant mortality in the Bedouin sector.

13. Calls upon the Government to further reduce military spending and to allocate adequate budgets to those institutions and programmes that are given priority under the peace accords

Carlo Cottarelli, appointed by the Italian government to oversee its expenditure review, noted recently that even before spending cuts were enacted, they were being used to finance new spending. The political economy of public spending reform is tricky, and well designed macroeconomic plans can be taken hostage by pork barrel politics.

The Government has resolved to increase public spending in education to at least six per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP).

Greece was then given unprecedented amounts of highly subsidized finance to enable it to reduce gradually its excessive spending. But now, after so much European and global generosity, Stiglitz and other economists argue that some of Greece's debt must be forgiven to make room for more spending.

Only measures like these can create the good jobs that will reduce income inequality and make America again resemble a normal advanced economy, not one where inequality approaches Latin American levels. But more spending on these items will require less spending on other things or higher taxes.

Governments that trim public expenditures in a hurry rarely make informed choices. An expenditure review based on systematic policy evaluations is the best approach to sorting out good spending from bad spending and thus maximize value for money.

Until recently, the OBR, broadly in line with the IMF, assumed a fiscal multiplier of 0.6 for every dollar cut from government spending, the economy would shrink by only 60 cents. This assumes Ricardian equivalence debt financed public spending at least partly crowds out private spending through its impact on expectations and confidence.