The internationally wrongful act of a State

Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act

Countermeasures in respect of an internationally wrongful act

(a) The internationally wrongful act has ceased and

the internationally wrongful act of an international organization

Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State

Characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful

Where several States are injured by the same internationally wrongful act, each injured State may separately invoke the responsibility of the State which has committed the internationally wrongful act.

Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

The State responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(b) the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(e) Countermeasures must cease immediately when the internationally wrongful act has ceased.

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State and

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State and

The overall criterion is always that of effective reparation for the wrongful act.

Article 12 Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

There is also an internationally wrongful act of an international organization when it aids or assists a State or another international organization in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by that State or organization

Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State.

Article 13 Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization and

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization and

(a) the act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization and

A State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution

It is that State which commits an internationally wrongful act, although in the case of coercion wrongfulness could be excluded, while the other State is held responsible not for having actually committed the wrongful act but for its causal contribution to the commission of the act.

(a) That State does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) that organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission

A different scenario would exist if the mandated conduct necessarily implied the commission of a wrongful act.

1. Where several States are responsible for the same internationally wrongful act, the responsibility of each State may be invoked in relation to that act.

A State which directs and controls another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the latter is internationally responsible for that act if

2. Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of a State.

In that chapter, articles 16 to 18 consider cases in which a State aids or assists or directs and controls another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act , or else coerces another State to commit an act that would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State .