Ms. Chanthou referred to the experience made in Cambodia, where donors have invested heavily in the strengthening of formal institutions although the people trusted non formal institutions more than governmental institutions and have relied so far on accountability mechanisms that emerged from outside the formal institutions.

The offices will be formal components of UNU INWEH, not associated institutions.

The problem is that these institutions operate outside the formal banking sector and often cannot meet the standard criteria expected by formal financial markets.

This shows that to be effective, formal institutions need the support of community based organizations.

Where access to formal financial institutions is limited, the expansion of SMEs is seriously compromised.

(d) Establish more formal and consistent coordination between United Nations system organizations and Bretton Woods institutions

22. Various institutions are involved in the delivery of microfinance services. They include formal commercial banks, rural banks, cooperative institutions, credit unions and non governmental organizations.

2. Formal education should not be a limitation to participation in the fellowship programme given the socio economic barriers confronted by many indigenous peoples that limit access to formal educational institutions.

Formal and informal institutions define rights, control resource allocations, and assign roles and responsibilities to women and men in society.

These programmes aim at initiating and promoting linkages between the informal and formal sectors of financial institutions in member countries.

25. Harmonious and equitable social integration requires the existence of both a formal democratic political system and participatory institutions and mechanisms.

Inadequate ownership also opens the door to parallel structures being developed outside the formal institutions called for by peace agreements, which may work at cross purposes with formal arrangements and contribute to tensions and instability.

The housing finance situation is in the developmental stage in so far as low income groups are concerned, as problems persist vis à vis affordability, limited resources and access to both non formal and formal financial institutions.

Further, formal financial institutions tend to discriminate against SMEs, inter alia because of the high transaction costs in relation to the loan amounts.

A key ingredient in IFAD projects is the strengthening of rural formal and informal institutions to better manage a transition to sustainable agriculture.

In that context, effective strategies for building domestic criminal justice systems should give due attention to laws, processes (both formal and informal) and institutions.

It was not until five years after the vision was formulated, however, that the Programme started to establish formal working mechanisms with such institutions.

Through its Multilateral Investment Fund, the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB) is engaged in building a network of financial institutions, including microfinance organizations, in Latin American countries, in association with formal financial institutions in developed countries.

The intention of the project was to evaluate the potential of the major constraints faced by women in obtaining credit from formal financial institutions such as banks, to identify special features of successful formal credit programmes and to formulate recommendations.

It also means access to less formal types of institutions and mechanisms such as national human rights institutions, ombudspersons, mediators and skilled personnel who can assist people in claiming their rights and navigating through State agencies.

Alternative remittance systems that transfer money or other assets using conduits other than formal financial institutions can similarly be an obstacle to combating money laundering.

Customer due diligence' and suspect transactions reporting obligations should also apply to non bank financial institutions which are not subject to a formal supervisory regime.

49. A multi year project on enhancing the access of women to formal credit and financial institutions in the least developed countries has been completed.

Formal system

formal requirements

Formal statements

FORMAL SECTOR

Formal complaint?

They have the same right to education, formal and non formal.

Include all forms of education systems, both formal and non formal

It is widely recognized that mechanisms to engage communities should operate within formal institutions of public administration and governance so as to promote continuity and sustainability.

5. Workshop on Non Formal Education for Disadvantaged Children organized by Christian Relief, the Development Association of Concerned NGOs and government institutions, 29 30 September 1994.

The more important are listed below. 8. A harmonious and equitable social integration requires the existence of both formal democratic systems and participatory institutions and mechanisms.

The primary importance of both formal and informal institutions in the creation of an enabling environment for gender equality and the advancement of women has also been highlighted in research on gender and development.15 Formal institutional frameworks may comprise, for example, organizations and legislation, and informal institutions include sociocultural practices and value systems that govern relationships between individuals and groups.

498. As regards cooperation at the institutional level, the formal or statutory objectives of a number of institutions in Greenland involve cooperation with Danish and foreign institutions and or the dissemination of knowledge of Greenlandic culture in other countries.

The discussion should be broadened to consider how to strengthen government institutions, and how corporations could contribute to reducing informal economic relationships by widening the formal economy.

Formal follow up

No formal reply

States should ensure improved access to legal and other remedies through the joint cooperative action of the formal legal institutions and quasi legal or non formal personnel, such as non governmental organizations and community leaders, who can help to safeguard and protect children at the grassroots level.

A large number of institutions offer on line courses through the Internet in a wide range of disciplines and topics that can lead to diplomas or formal accredited degrees.

There are formal proposals.

Formal methods of solicitation

W o formal education

FORMAL EDUCATION IN COLUMBIA

M F Initial formal